Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the prototype of classic serotonergic psychedelics, a group of substances which unfold their psychoactive properties predominantly via the serotonin 2 A (5-HT 2A) receptor. The established dose-response relationships may be used as general references for future experimental and clinical research on LSD to compare observed with expected subjective effects and to elucidate phenomenological differences between psychedelics. The considerable variability observed in most factors and scales points to the role of non-pharmacological factors in shaping subjective experiences. The most strongly modulated factors referred to changes in perception and illusory imagination, followed by positively experienced ego-dissolution, while only small effects were found for Anxiety and Dread of Ego Dissolution. Most scales revealed a sigmoid-like increase of effects, with a plateauing at around 100 μg. We performed meta-regression analyses using restricted cubic splines for data from studies with LSD doses of up to 200 μg base. The psychometric data comprised ratings of subjective effects from standardized and validated questionnaires: the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (5D-ASC, 11-ASC) and the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30). Data extracted from articles identified by a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines were obtained from the Altered States Database. Here we present the first meta-analysis establishing dose-response relationship estimates of the altered states of consciousness induced by LSD. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent classic serotonergic psychedelic, which facilitates a variety of altered states of consciousness.
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